Community Solutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Community Solutions - Research Paper Example According to European standards, the categories of people who have been considered as poor have been â€Å"1. the long term unemployed and the young unemployed, 2. the elderly, 3, single parent families, 4. second generation migrants, 5. refugees and returning minors, 6. marginal groups- e.g. gypsies, travellers, homeless, 7. underpriveleged urban districts, 8. impoverished rural areas† (Cullen, 5). The American definition for 2011 is that â€Å"for a family of four including two adults and two children, total yearly income has to be below $22,350, to be called poor as is given in the US Department of Health and Human Services website. While addressing the issues that the poor people face, as members of the subculture of poverty, one major concern has always been the physical eradication of poverty and its negative manifestations which lives of the poor people miserable. Community development is universally accepted as the most effective method to address poverty and its prob lems. The community development program of 1980s in Ireland was a landmark in the history of the fight against poverty (Cullen, 11). Cullen, in his study on nine poverty elimination projects implemented in Ireland, has revisited the methods and strategies followed by various organizations and agencies who participated in these projects and has concluded that â€Å"community development is a process that deliberately activates, encourages and supports groups of people to participate in collective action in pursuit of common interests, and which contributes to social justice and equity† (Cullen, 11). During the John-Nixon era, in the US, â€Å"community action programs† were abundant and quite popular (Joseph, 49). Though they set the stage for the emergence of a welfare state, they were also criticized as capable of only peripherally addressing the issues of poverty (Patterson, 146). Notwithstanding these opposing viewpoints regarding community solutions to the subcultu re of poverty, the global intellectual discourses have always seen community solutions as the most viable way out (Cullen, Joseph, FAO and Gaiha). The best available community solution to the subculture of poverty will be to set up community level revolving funds partially sponsored by the government and partially by the industrial houses of the country. To raise the funds, the government will have to introduce a special tax of 0.1% of the profit, on the corporate companies, which have a profit margin above a fixed ceiling. These funds along with a government contribution will then be transferred to the local authorities to be utilized for ensuring a minimum of 200 days’ work for all those able-bodied persons who have been listed as poor. The form of work has to be fixed at local level, by the local administration in consultation with the community leaders, and according to the local resources available and prevailing local conditions and necessities. For example, if in a pla ce having water scarcity, the work has to be provided in water conservation activities, which can contribute to the local economy in a productive way. And the newly generated water could be given back into the community at a reasonable cost. Similarly, in an area where the major vocation is agriculture, work can be provided in community-level agro-processing industries. This solution will have to involve â€Å"massive commitments of Federal funds†

Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank Essay Example for Free

Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank Essay The New York Times article â€Å"Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank† by Ethan Bonner covers the reemergence of the Palestinian-covered West Bank, specifically in the city of Nablus, after a series of bloody uprisings and encounters between extremists and Israeli forces. The Palestinian authority has been longing for control over their territories, and it has experienced its first sense of security and economic stability since the second Palestinian uprising broke out in 2000. It seems that the economy has stabilized so far as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected a seven percent growth rate for the year 2009. A few infrastructure projects have also started as rebuilding and revitalization of the West Bank area continued. A movie theater has opened and a seven-story furnishing store has started operation recently which proves that the West Banks economic and security status has been stabilizing. Just two weeks ago, Israeli checkpoints have started to shut down and troops are gradually being pulled out from the area which are a part of the Israels promise to aid the Palestinian authority. However, doubts have been raised against this promise as Israel has not permitted Paltel, the Palestinian cellphone company, to construct network towers (Bronner, 2009). By far, peace and order has been evident within the West Bank. The two camps—Israel and Palestine—have been working together in order to stabilize the economy of the area which is seen as a vital aspect for the areas growth. Security has also been a matter most attended to by both camps since it also helps ensure a steady economic growth. If both the economy and the security will be stabilized in the area, there will be enough reason to believe that the Palestinians will be capable enough to handle the problems within their areas. Since Israeli troops are gradually being pulled out, it goes to show that trust is slowly being reestablished between the Israeli government and the Palestinian authority, which is a good sign for both sides future relations. So far, the Palestinian communities—specifically Nablus, West Bank—has experienced a steady growth and a revitalized sense of security. As known in previous years, the conflict between Israeli forces and extremists has greatly hindered economic and political growth within Palestinian territories, especially in the West Bank area. The traumas of conflict may have not been permanently erased, but there is still hope for the Palestinian communities in the future as the West Bank experiences stability within its local economy. Furthermore, the Palestinian authority has been present in order to address the local concerns of the area, attending mostly to the areas security. It may take years before the economy has completely stabilized and the security has been fully established, but as of now, the area has shown great signs of improvement as compared to previous years. People have felt more secure, buildings are being established and reestablished, and stores are being opened and reopened. Communities are starting to experiencing growth again. References Bronner, E. (2009, July 16). Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/17/world/middleeast/17westbank. html? ref=world.

Bangladesh :: essays research papers

The area know as Bangladesh was a political backwater instead of being involve in any of India political or military events the area which is call Bangladesh now just sat back and watch. Bengal which is what Bangladesh use to be call historians believe that Dravidian speaking people move in the area around 1000 B.C. and they were give the name Bang. This Home land had various names which reflected tribal names like Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal. The first great empire that spread over Bangladesh was the Mauryan Empire, and the ruler was Asoka westeren parts of Bengal achieved some importance during Mauryan period. Buddhism was brought to Bengal by Asoka son when he took over. When Mauryan Period was over in eastern Bengal it became know as the kingdom of Samatata; although politically independent, it was a tributary state of the Indian Gupta Empire. The third great empire was Harsha Empire which drew Samatata into loosely administered political structure. The disunity in this empire allowed a Buddhist chief name Gopala to seize power over Bengal, and he started the first pala dynasty. Him and his succersors provide Bengal with there first stable government. Islamization of Bengal, 1202-1757   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Turkish took over Bengal in the early thirteen century. The take over was a long thought out process that began in Afghanistan with military forays Mahmud of ghazni. Bengal had loosely associated with Delhi Sultanate which was established in 1206. In 1341 they became independent from delhi, and Dhaka and established there independent governors of independent Bengal. The turks ruled for about seven dedcades before the conquest of Dhaka by forces of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the great. Bengal was under Mughal until the decline in the early eighteenth century. Under Mughal power Bengal was one of the richest empires of there time, and also a lot of things were created like there first calendar and also they started collected money on people house, and also there land. The British had a lot influence on there economic in the twentieth century. The country was drained from keeping up Mughals army, and he really did not do anything to help out the people of the count ry because over 40,000 slaves were caught by pirates and use as slaves. The locals had to force him to appoint powerful generals as governors. Although they were not protected well they manage to keep up there Agricultue expanded trade was still encourage, and Dhaka became one of the best textile trade.

Latino Operation and Diversity

In recent years The U.S. society’s idealized image is diminishing.   In the United States the process of labeling the group of individuals affects the meaning of citizenship. Oboler discovers the history of â€Å"Hispanics† and explains the meaning of ethnicity that contributes in forming people’s lives and identities. Oboler has conducted many interviews with the different groups known as â€Å"Hispanics† and noted down many social values of this group. By illustrating it Oboler further says that a Mexican has different historical relationship with the U.S. and different cultural background like Brazilian descent. â€Å"Hispanics† also contain different meanings and social values, which matches to their social position, gender and also their social values following their country of origin.  Without social planning Latinos union can never be a reality. There are many issues that hamper the ethnic emergence. The cultural ground is very isolated. The actions of the states are very contradictory to give any hope to the emergence of the new Latino ethnicity.  In the paper we will argue that Latin American Groups in this country require a lots of research that aspires to educate them about their culture, which is vibrant. There is a requirement that Latin Americans should know about their literature as there is no place of rich Hispanic literature in U.S. educational system. In the U.S. this disparity, based on cultural differences, is exaggerated by the cultural loss. In this society the Latinos has to compete the new settings. The U.S. is a very big country and the different socio-cultural groups and individuals survive under the condition of competitions. The adaptation of these multi-cultural socio groups varies from the residential separations of Mexicans who are living in the parts of the Southwest to the Blacks and Cubans in South Florida (B.E. Aguirre and Rogelio Saenz).  The Latino identity is affected by the geographic distribution also. The Cuban population has great diversity. Similarly, the ethnic identity in Mexicans is really exciting. They have many ethnic labels like â€Å"Mexican American†, â€Å"Chicanos†, and â€Å"Mexican†. In fact Mexican originated people who use the label â€Å"Hispanics† are criticized to get more general ethnic identity (B.E. Aguirre and Rogelio Saenz). Actually, Latinos should be educated about the categories created by the other ethnic groups. There is the need of creating a realistic appreciation among the Latinos so they can get involved with the different cultural groups.  It is very difficult to establish a Latino identity in different Latino ethnic groups. Latinos general movement prefers Latinism and it generates the specific movement organization. It’s important part will be to establish a school to train the members of this group about Latino activities (B.E. Aguirre and Rogelio Saenz). It has been observed that big societal forces play important role in a student’s learning and that happens within a particular ethnic and racial community. A teacher’s expectation is also different from different race student. So the different level of teaching is also adopted for various ethnic groups. If we compare the White and Asian students to Africans and Latinos, then we will find that Latinos and Africans are positioned in lower academic tracks (Jerome E Morris et all).  Ogbu has developed a cultural ecological model where he explains why the schools are failure. He encourages the ethnic groups to enter the dominant society by making group entry. Here he includes immigrant minorities such as African immigrants, Asian Americans and immigrants from the Caribbean and also Native Americans. Now it is there in the news that many of Hispanics are living in jails instead of going schools. This number of Hispanics in jails increased in 1980s. in 2006 it was 90 percent that is less in comparison to 94 percent in 1980s. References: More blacks, Latinos in jail than college dorms, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21001543/ Morris, Jerome E, Ethnicity Race and Culture – Latino Growth, Racial And Ethnic Minority Students In Higher Education – CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS AND STUDENT LEARNING, Oboler, Suzanne, Ethnic Lebels, Latino Lives, Identity and the Politics of (Re)Presentation in the United States, University of Minnesota press,

Drown

The story â€Å"Drown† sets in the summer time in New Jersey. Diaz and his friend Beto are raging, out of control, in their neighborhood known as the ghetto. They† stole, broke windows†¦ pissed on peoples steps and then challenged them to come out and stop us. † While Diaz has another year of high school, Beto for college on the other hand is leaving for college at the end of the summer. Diaz has several recurring feelings such as, suffocation, problems defining his masculinity, and being trapped, problem is that Diaz would rather stay trapped in the Ghetto if it means not turning out like Beto.Why does Diaz use the metaphor drown? Why does Diaz struggle with masculinity? Does Diaz want to come up for air or continue to suffocate? In â€Å"Drown† the setting plays a key role in the story. Diaz described his neighborhood as, † The broken apart buildings, little strips of grass, the piles of garbage around the cans, and the dump†(Drown 91). Th e neighborhood where Diaz live shapes his life, so it plays an important role in the story. Most of Diaz anxiety is caused by the fact that he cannot leave his neighborhood, because he fears the outcome once in the outside world. Another setting that is important is the pool.The pool is described in a way that is similar to the neighborhood where Diaz live, † The water feels good†¦ while everything above me is loud and bright, everything below is whispers†¦ † this particular quote coincides with the fact that Diaz is trapped, but he'd rather stay below than come up and see the outcome of him leaving for the outside world like Beto. The metaphor suffocation occurs throughout the story and ties to the story title itself. In this story Diaz shows it more at the pool scene, it seem as Diaz move through the story, but something always draws him back to the pool where most of his drowning occur.This particular metaphor is used in several parts of the story, for insta nce, Diaz is suffocating where he lives because of all the poverty, misery, and drugs. Another way the author uses this metaphor is when he talks about how his mother keeps all the windows and doors locked, † Before we head out she drags us through the apartment to make sure the windows are locked†¦ we never open the windows†¦ this place just isn't safe†¦ â€Å"(Drown 96), this quote gives the notion that maybe his mother is also suffocating him by keeping all the windows closed at all times trapping the hot air which can also make Diaz think he is suffocating.Masculinity is something that Diaz struggle with more than anything in this story. In the start Beto and Diaz are both confused about their masculinity, but Beto in a different way because he's really a homosexual. In Diaz neighborhood homosexuality is viewed very negatively. On page 103 in the story, Diaz talks about how his friend Alex will stop by the side of the rode and say, Excuse me. When somebody comes over he'll point his pistol in their face just to see what they'll do, they also call the homosexuals patos throughout the story.Once Diaz have several sexual encounters with Beto, that's when Diaz starts to question his masculinity. Diaz states, † Mostly i stayed in the basement terrified that i would end up abnormal, a fucking pato†(Drown 104). It is obvious that Beto questioning of their masculinity is not so much like Diaz anymore, because Beto excepts the fact that he is a homosexual by going to college, while Diaz on the other hand is still trapped and confused with his masculinity. Diaz is maybe afraid to leave for the outside world because that would mean he's excepting that he is also a homosexual like Beto.In the story Diaz doesn't say it exactly that he wants to do the complete opposite of whatever Beto do, but he gives the reader that feeling. It is possible that Diaz can be satisfied with drowning in his neighborhood, because on page 100 the army recru iter offers Diaz a chance to escape his drowning, but Diaz refuses to come up for air. The author pathos, logos, and ethos plays a role in the story also. Diaz uses some symbols such as the pool and specific words to express himself in a way that makes the story feel more, drawing the reader into his world and his observation from first person point of view.Throughout the author Junot Diaz moves in and out of his character quotes, which is a good thing because it gives the author a credibility and it communicates that their statements are more than just facts, they're a piece of Diaz memory of a feeling or a specific time. However the only way possible for Diaz to discontinue his suffocation and drowning is by joining the Army, but Diaz is still against and unwilling to come up for air, but uses the fact that he helps his mother as an excuse for not leaving his neighborhood and coming up for air.

Complete Parts of Speech for SAT Writing and ACT English

Complete Parts of Speech for SAT Writing and ACT English SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips â€Å"Parts of speech† is a fancy way of saying that every word in the English language can be put into one of eight categories, depending on how it is used. Of these eight parts of speech, only 7 are tested on the Writing SAT and on ACT English. Understanding the different parts of speech is absolutely essential to having a firm grasp of English grammar, and in succeeding on the SAT and ACT. Unfortunately, nowadays many schools no longer focus on teaching this type of grammar. Are you a bit unsure about what, exactly, a preposition is, or can’t tell the difference between an adjective and adverb? Feeling a bit rusty after learning this years ago?This article will provide the foundational information you need before moving on to more complex grammatical concepts.I'll also go over a few important SAT/ACT grammar rules. How Should You Use This Guide? This guide is designed to help you brush up on the basics before you tackle some of the more complicated grammar guides that we have written for the SAT and ACT. Many of the concepts covered here are things you'll already know if you've studied grammar in school. Even if you haven't, many (but not necessarily all) of them will seem natural to native English speakers. However, if you haven't studied grammar extensively, you can use this as a reference to help understand the basic ideas that our other guides will not cover. Check back here if you come across some terms you're unfamiliar with, or if you need to remind yourself of what something means. Many of the concepts in this guide are not directly tested on the ACT and SAT.Instead, these concepts are building blocks that are important for understanding thewhy? behind the concepts that are tested. Therefore,do not worry about memorizing the names of the grammar terms in this guide, just use the concepts. What Parts of Speech Are on SAT Writing and ACT English? The seven parts of speech that are tested on the SAT and ACT are: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Once you understand the different rules for each Part of Speech, you will see that these are relatively straightforward concepts, and they can be used to help you understand more difficult concepts. Nouns Nouns are words that arepeople, places, things,orideas. If you are not sure if something is a noun or not, try putting "a" or "the" in front of it and see if it sounds correct. If it does, then it's probably a noun. Examples "A cat" and "the cat" sound correct. Therefore, "cat" is a noun. "A him" and "the him" sound incorrect. Therefore, "him" is not a noun. Categories of Nouns Common Nounsrefer to non-specific people, places, or things. Proper Nouns refer to specific people, places, or things. Examples Common nouns: girl, city, bridge, university, company Proper Nouns: Mary, San Francisco, Golden Gate Bridge, University of Notre Dame, PrepScholar Concrete Nounsare people, places, or things that you can physically touch. Abstract Nounsare thoughts, subjects, games, or ideals. These are things, but they cannot be touched. Love is an abstract noun. Examples Concrete nouns: water, air, street, person, concrete Abstract nouns: freedom, love, justice, hockey, biology Uses of Nouns Nouns have several possible functions in a sentence. They can be used as the subject, predicate nominative, appositive, direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition. There are other uses for nouns, but we won't go into them now. Note:Remember that it is not important that you know the names of these functions. But it is important to understand how nouns can be used, so you can recognize when one is being used incorrectly. Subject The subject of the sentence is the person or thing that is doing the action of the verb. Example Mary went to the store. Maryis the subject of the sentence because she is doing the action. Predicate Nominative A predicate nominative comes after a linking verb (see the verb section for more info) and re-states the subject of the sentence. Example Mary is a great friend. Maryis the subject.Friendis the predicate nominative. In this sentence, Mary and friend are the same thing, or Mary = friend. Appositive An appositive is a noun that re-states or gives more information about another noun in a sentence. Unlike a predicate nominative, it does not come after a linking verb. Instead, it's usually right next to the noun it's describing, and is set off by commas. Because appositives are set off by commas from the rest of the sentence, it usually works to remove the appositive and still have a grammatically correct sentence. Example My friend, Mary, is an exceptional human being. Here, Mary is an appositive because it gives more information about who the friend is. If you remove the appositive the sentence still makes sense: My friend is an exceptional human being. Direct Object A Direct Object is a noun that receives the action of a transitive verb (more on these here) Example I got a perfectscoreon the SAT. Ask yourself: I got what? Got ascore. Therefore,score is the direct object. Indirect Object An Indirect Object is a noun that receives the Direct Object. Being the indirect object of brownies is always a good thing. Example I madeKim some brownies. Ask yourself: I made what?Brownies.Therefore,brownies is the direct object. Who received the brownies?Kim. Therefore,Kim is the indirect object. Object of a Preposition All prepositional phrases consist of at least a preposition (see below) and a noun. The noun that comes after a preposition is called the object of the preposition. Example I got a perfect score on the SAT. Here, the preposition ison.On what? On theSAT.Therefore,SAT is the object of the prepositionon. Forming the Plural of Nouns This is another concept that is not directly tested on the SAT and ACT, but occasionally you will need to recognize if a noun is singular or plural in order to match it with the correct verb. Most nouns form the plural by adding-s. Examples cat +-s= cats donkey +-s= donkeys Add-esif the noun ends in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or -ch. This is simply because of pronunciation - it's really difficult to make these sounds followed by "-s" Examples fox +-es= foxes buzz +-es= buzzes brunch +-es= brunches If the last two letters of a noun are a consonant followed by -y, drop the -y and add-ies Examples pony→ ponies fly→ flies Some nouns that end in -f or -fe form the plural by dropping the -f/-fe and adding -ves. Once again, this is all about ease of pronunciation, as it's really difficult to make the -fs sound at the end of a word. Examples leaf→ leaves life→ lives Some nouns form the plural irregularly. Unfortunately, there are no rules for how to form these, and you just have to memorize these words. Fortunately, most of these words are quite common and you should know most of them already. Examples mouse→ mice child→children man→men goose→geese foot→feet Some wordsdon't change at all in the plural. Examples deer→deer fish→fish sheep→sheep NOTE: NEVER FORM THE PLURAL BY ADDING -'S (apostrope +s).This should only be used for showing possession. The people of Leeds are appropriately passionate about misused apostrophes. Forming the Possessive of Nouns The possessive is how we showownership. To form the possessive of a singular noun, always add -'s. Examples Bob's,mouse's, donkey's To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s, just add an apostrophe. Examples purses', monkeys', dogs' To form the possesive of a plural noun that is irregular and does NOT end in -s, add-'s. Examples children's, women's, mice's Special Types of Nouns Are you a grammar pro? If you already knew all of the above about nouns, here are a few special categories of noun you may have been unaware of! Gerunds The-ing form of a verb can be used as a verb as long as it has a helping verb. But did you know that if it's standing on its own, it's called agerundand is used as a noun? Example Baking is a pleasurable hobby. Here,bakingis a noun and is the subject of the sentence. Infinitive as a Noun Similarly, the infinitive form (the "to" form) can be used as a noun. Example He likesto run. Here, "to run" is the direct object of the verb "likes". Therefore, it is being used as a noun. This man loves to run...for president. Pronouns Pronouns are words that can replace nouns. Unlike nouns, pronouns have different cases. What Is a Case? This means that the form the pronoun takes can change depending on what purpose it has in the sentence. Above, we saw that nouns can be used either as a subject/nominative, or as several different types of objects.Personal pronounshave one form when they are used as a subject or predicate nominative, and another form when used in any of the object functions (direct object, indirect object, or object of preposition). NOTE: This actuallyis tested on the ACT! Personal Pronouns Nominative case (subject) Singular Plural First Person I We Second Person You You Third Person He, She, It They Objective case Singular Plural First Person Me Us Second Person You You Third Person Him, Her, It Them What Do These Charts Mean? The nominative case forms should ONLY be used when the personal pronoun is being used as the subject of a clause or as the predicate nominative. (Don't remember what these are? Check out the Noun section above!) Examples She and I went to the store. Michael and he are my best friends. Many people would say â€Å"Michael and him†, but this is incorrect because â€Å"he† is a subject of the clause and therefore must be in the nominative case. When you are not sure, try crossing out the other subject. You would never say, â€Å"Him is my best friend.† Example The winner of the race was he. This construction does not sound correct to most people, but it is. Try flipping the sentence around: He was the winner of the race. This is an example of a personal pronoun being used as aspredicate nominative. The objective case of pronouns should be used for direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Examples He gave her and me great presents. He gave us a great present. The presentation will be given by Tom and me. She loves him.I don’t like you. For more on how to use pronouns in different cases, see our guide. Non-Personal Pronouns These include but are not limited to: this, that, both, some, few, many, either, which, who, and one. These pronouns do not change form between the nominative case and the objective case. Some people do not think that these pronouns look correct standing on their own, but they are. Examples I have two dogs. Both are very lucky. This rose is beautiful. This is my favorite flower. Many people went to search for the treasure. Only some returned. These pronouns can be tricky to use with verbs because it is not very obvious whether they are singular or plural.A good way to figure this out is to try to add the word â€Å"one† after the pronoun. Does it make sense? If so, use a singular verb. Examples This (one) is my favorite. CORRECT That (one) is my sister. CORRECT Few (one) succeeds. INCORRECT If adding â€Å"one† does not work, mentally add â€Å"of them†. If this makes sense, use the plural verb. Examples Many (of them) try to get a perfect SAT score. (CORRECT) Few (of them) succeed. (CORRECT) Exception: The pronoun "one" is always singular, even though "one of them" sounds correct. Always use a singular verb. Forming the Possessive of Pronouns The possessive forms of the personal pronouns are: Singular Plural First Person mine ours Second Person yours yours Third Person his, hers, its theirs Because these are pronouns (not adjectives), they can be used independently. Examples Hers is the chocolate dessert. That report card is yours. Theirs beat out ours. Main Rules for Pronouns on the SAT and ACT The SAT and ACT both frequently test pronouns. Here is a brief summary of what you are most likely to see tested. For more detail, see our article on pronouns on the ACT English and SAT Writing. Rule 1 Always make sure a pronoun has a clear antecedent. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun is replacing. If there is not an obvious antecedent for the pronoun either in the same sentence, or a sentence very nearby,it is considered an error. Example Mary and Eileen both like strawberries, but she likes them more. This would be considered incorrect because it is not clear who "she" is referring to. Sometimes the antecedent will be in a previous sentence. In this case, it should also be very clear. Example John Wallach, an award-winning journalist who covered conflicts in the Middle East for two decades, founded Seeds of Peace in 1993. He chose the campsite because it is a beautiful natural setting far from the places of conflict. It remains unaffiliated with any nation, organization, or peace group, and although countries may select their campers, they cannot pay for the camp. Here it appears that â€Å"it† refers to â€Å"campsite† in the previous sentence - really it should refer to â€Å"Seeds of Peace† in the first sentence. This would be considered an unclear and incorrect use of a pronoun. Rule 2 Pronouns should always be consistent. For example, if you are using second person pronouns in a sentence, you should use them all the way through the sentence. Examples Before one starts a new class, you should always read the syllabus. INCORRECT Before you start a new class, you should always read the syllabus. CORRECT Before one starts a new class, one should always read the syllabus. CORRECT Before people start a new class, they should always read the syllabus. CORRECT Rule 3 Pronouns should alwaysmatch their antecedents in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). For more examples of this rule, see our guide. Examples The boys all asked her out, but she didn’t like him. INCORRECT They boys all asked her out, but she didn’t like them. CORRECT One of the children painted this portrait. Art is a great talent of theirs. INCORRECT One of the children painted this portrait. Art is a great talent of his or hers. CORRECT Each of the actresses was considered most beautiful when they were in their prime. INCORRECT Each of the actresses was considered most beautiful when she was in her prime. CORRECT Verbs Verbs are words that show actions or states of being. For a more complete guide on how to use verbs on the SAT and ACT, read our grammar guide. Types of Verbs Linking verbs are verbs that show a relationship between the subject and the predicate nominative or predicate adjective. We can think of them as an equals sign. The most common linking verb is the verb â€Å"to be.† Examples I am a human being. I = human being The cake smells delicious. cake = delicious Action verbs are verbs that show an action. Many (but not all) of these verbs will take direct objects. A verb that takes a direct object is called a transitive verb; a verb that does not is called intransitive. Remember, you do not need to know these terms for the test. Examples The car rolled backwards. (No direct object) I ate wonderful toast. (I ate what? I atetoast.Toast is the direct object.) Conjugating Verbs Most verbs follow a simple pattern in the present tense: Present tense Singular Plural First Person (I) walk (we) walk Second Person (you) walk (you) walk Third Person (he/she/it) walks (they) walk Notice that only the third person plural (he/she/it) is different.This will become very important on the ACT and SAT because of†¦ Subject-Verb Agreement When you have a singular noun or pronoun as the subject of a clause, it must be matched by a singular verb. When you have a plural noun as the subject of a clause, it must be matched with a plural verb. While subject-verb agreement seems simple in theory, the SAT and ACT will try to trick you on this by adding extra words and phrases to sentences. This can make it more difficult to see if the verb works with the subject, as opposed to another noun in the sentence. Examples My sister, despite having to carry three children, walk five miles every day. The test will try to trick you with questions like this by putting a plural noun that is NOT the subject next to a plural verb.To avoid falling for this, find the verb, and then ask yourself, â€Å"who is doing this action?† In this case, who is walking five miles? It is my sister, which is a singular noun. Therefore the sentence should read, â€Å"My sister, despite having to carry three children, walks five miles every day. Maria and Joe likes to dance. Here you have two subjects: Maria and Joe. Therefore you need the plural form of the verb. Correct: Maria and Joe like to dance. Verb Tense Tense tells when the action of a verb is taking place. The present tenses tell about things that are happening now: Present no helping verb he sings Present Perfect to have + past participle he has sung Present Progressive to be + present participle he is singing The past tenses express actions that have already happened. Past no helping verb he sang Past Perfect had + past participle he had sung Past Progressive to be + present participle he was singing The future tenses express actions that are going to happen. Future will or shall + verb he will sing Future Perfect will have + past participle he will have sung Future Progressive will + be + present participle he will be singing You should always try to keep tenses consistent in one sentence. This is something the SAT and ACT will frequently test. Example After Mary had eaten the soup, she eats the main course. This sentence matches past perfect with present, and therefore would be considered incorrect. Instead try: After Mary had eaten the soup, she ate the main course. This matches past perfect with past, which is ok for showing progression of time within a sentence. Example The olive oils we tasted yesterday are delicious. This sentence mixespast tense (tasted) with present tense (are). This would be consideredincorrect. The better way would be: The olive oils we tasted yesterday were delicious. Adjectives What Are Adjectives? Adjectives are descriptive words that modify nouns and pronouns. Types of Adjectives Like nouns, adjectives can be common or proper.Some common adjectives include beautiful, short, angry, obese.Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns. Like proper nouns, they must be capitalized. Examples I like Mexican food. He plays the French horn. Possessive Adjectives These adjectives are formed from the personal pronouns and are used to describe objects that belong to a certain person. Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjective Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjective I/me my we our you your you your he/she/it his/her/its they their Unlike the possessive pronouns discussed above, these possessive adjectives must be used with a noun. Examples That car is mine. vs. That is my car. Running is a great skill of his. vs. Running is his great skill. Ours constantly leaks. vs. Our faucet constantly leaks. Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives include this, that, these and those.When these words are used as adjectives instead of pronouns, they must be modifying a noun. Examples That is the person I hate. vs. I hate that person. These are my best friends. vs. My best friends are these people. Adjectives Formed From Verbs Adjectives that are formed from verbs are calledparticiples. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to a verb stem.The past participle is formed by adding -ed to a verb stem. Examples The burned chicken did not taste very good. The chirping birds woke him up. Adjectives Formed from Nouns Sometimes you will see a noun being used as an adjective: Example The basketball player is tall. Normally, basketball is a noun. But here it is being used as an adjective to tell you what kind of player the person is.You will occasionally see this on the SAT or ACT, usually to describe a person by his or her profession. Remember that when a noun is being used as an adjective, there is no need to put a comma in between it and the noun it is describing. Examples The basketball, player is tall. INCORRECT The basketball player is tall. CORRECT Uses of Adjectives Adjectives are usually used to describe nouns, and are usually placed before the noun they describe. Example The beautiful girl walked down the street. If more than one adjective precedes a noun, they should be separated by a comma if the order of the adjectives is not important. Example The slobbering, feisty dog wagged his tail. The feisty, slobbering dog wagged his tail. If you have a sentence in which the order of the adjectives IS important - meaning if you reversed them, the sentence would not make as much sense - then do not use a comma. Examples She went to the store to purchase spreadable chocolate frosting. CORRECT She went to purchase chocolate, spreadable frosting. INCORRECT - ORDER MATTERS Do not sit in the broken wood chair. CORRECT Do not sit in the wood, broken chair. INCORRECT - ORDER MATTERS Adjectives are also used as predicate adjectives.Like predicate nominatives, this means they come after a linking verb and they describe the subject of the sentence. Examples The cake smells delicious. Delicious describes cake. That runner is very fast. Fast describes runner. Adverbs What Are Adverbs? Adverbs are words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Note: Use of adverbs vs. use of adjectives is tested on the SAT and ACT.Therefore, it's important to be able to understand what the adverb or adjective is modifying, to make sure that it is being used correctly. Examples He ran quickly down the street. Quickly describes how he ran. (Adverb describing verb) She was very happy with the present. Very describes how happy the girl was. (Adverb describing adjective) Stop talking so loudly! So describes how loudly the person is talking. (Adverb describing adverb) How Are Adverbs Formed? Many adverbs are simply formed by adding the ending -ly to an adjective Examples careful → carefully easy → easily quiet → quietly However, some adverbs are formed irregularly: Adjective Adverb good well fast fast hard hard late late early early daily daily straight straight wrong wrong OR wrongly Example The good girl drives very well. Good is an adjective describing the noun girl; well is an adverb describing the verb drives. This is one of the most commonly confused adverbs, so make sure to memorize it. Remember if you see good in a sentence, it must be describing a noun, not a verb. Examples I did good on the test. = INCORRECT I did well on the test = CORRECT I daily receive a daily newspaper. The daily Daily. Of course, nobody would really speak this way because it’s redundant. But it shows that daily can be an adverb describing the verb receive, and also an adjective describing the noun newspaper. Example He woke up late and then had to take a hard test. Late is an adverb describing the verb woke up; hard is an adjective describing the noun test. Example The late boy worked hard on the test. Late is an adjective describing the noun boy; hard is an adverb describing the verb worked. Challenge question: what is the error in this sentence? Because our casserole was smelling surprisingly badly as it baked, the food science teacher A came over to ask us what we had put in it. No error. B C D E The answer is (A). Why? This could be confusing because â€Å"badly† is a correctly formed adverb. However, we don’t need an adverb, we need an adjective. â€Å"was smelling† is here used as a linking verb, and therefore we need a predicate adjective to tell us what it smelled like. â€Å"Surprisingly† is ok as it is because it is an adverb that should be modifying an adjective. Here is how it would look when corrected: â€Å"Because our casserole was smelling surprisingly bad as it baked†¦..† If left as is, badly would have to be describing â€Å"was smelling†, which would imply that the casserole has a poor sense of smell. Prepositions What Are Prepositions? Prepositions are words that show where someone or something is, or tells when something is happening. They can also be used to show a few other relationships, such as to whom you give something, or if you do something with or without something else. Common Prepositions Here are some of the most common prepositions in the English language: about above across after against along amid among around at atop before behind below beneath beside between beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past regarding since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is a phrase (group of words) that includes AT LEAST a preposition and a noun or pronoun, which is known as the object of the preposition. It is not important to know this terminology, but this is an important concept to understand. When using a pronoun as part of a prepositional phrase, make sure that it is in the objective case. Examples Give the cake to me! CORRECT Give the cake to I! INCORRECT Usually this kind of mistake will sound incorrect to native English speakers - hopefully the above example did. But some are trickier, usually those involving I vs. me as part of a compound object. Examples He went to the mall with Sarah and I. INCORRECT He went to the mall with Sarah and me. CORRECT The report was given by him and I. INCORRECT The report was given by him and me. CORRECT If you're having problems, try taking out the other part of the compound object. This can help make the correct form of the pronoun more obvious. Example He went to the mall with Sarah and me. CORRECT Often the SAT and ACT will add unnecessary prepositional phrases to sentences to try to make errors less obvious. Feel free to cross out prepositional phrases in order to make sentences easier to analyze. Here is an example SAT question. Identify the error in this sentence: Anne Tyler’s novel The Accidental Tourist features a character whose obsession with saving A B C time and money are absurd, yet somehow plausible. No error. D E Now look with a prepositional phrase crossed out: Anne Tyler’s novel The Accidental Tourist features a character whose obsession with saving A B C time and money are absurd, yet somehow plausible. No error. D E After crossing out the prepositional phrase, it becomes much more obvious that â€Å"obsession are absurd† is incorrect. Prepositions in Idioms Many prepositions have to be used in a certain way with certain phrases. This is not because one preposition is grammatically more correct, but because certain phrases in English are idiomatically correct because they have always been said a certain way. For example, we would say: â€Å"She fell in love with him.† We would never say, â€Å"She fell towards love at him.† We would say, â€Å"He is hard at work.† We would never say, â€Å"He is hard in work† with the same meaning in mind. For a full breakdown of the how the SAT uses idioms, see this guide. Conjunctions What are Conjunctions? Conjunctions are words that link ideas together. There are three main types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinate, and correlative. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are probably the conjunctions that you are most familiar with. There are seven: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. You can remember these with the acronym FANBOYS: F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so Coordinating conjunctions can be used to join similar words, phrases, or clauses. The most commonly used conjunction is â€Å"and." Examples Joining words: John and Kim went to the store. Joining phrases: The mouse ran out the door and through the garden. Joining clauses: The mouse ran out the door, and I followed it. Joining clauses: I love him, but he hates me. A different kind of fanboys (and girl) Coordinating conjunctions can also be used to join two independent clauses. An independent clause is something that can stand on its own as a sentence. Example subject+verb +CONJ + subject+ verb The professor paced, but the student sat quietly. â€Å"The professor paced† and â€Å"The student sat quietly† could both be independent sentences. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctionsare used tojoin a dependent clause to an independent clause.Anindependent clauseis a clause that can stand on its own as a sentence - it expresses a complete thought. Asubordinate clauseis a clause that cannot be a sentence on its own. Usually, asubordinate clausewill describe either thebackground circimstancesof the independent clause or willgive more detailabout one part of the independent clause. There are a lot of subordinate conjunctions, but some of the more common ones include: after although because even though if once since though unless until when whenever where wherever while You can use the following structures to form sentences with dependent and independent clauses: (subordinating conjunction + dependent clause) , (independent clause). Example Since she loved chocolate, she ate the whole box of candy. (independent clause) + (subordinating conjunction + dependent clause). Example She ate the whole box of candy because she loves chocolate. Sometimes, a subordinate conjunction and dependent clause can come in between parts of the independent clause. Example Sonja, because she loves chocolate, eats it every chance she gets. Correlative Conjunctions These are very similar to coordinating conjunctions, but they must always be used in pairs.These pairs are worth memorizing because occasionally the SAT and ACT will test these to see if you know which words belong together. both...and either...or neither†¦nor not only...but also whether...or Examples Both my sister and I went to the park. Do you either want to go dancing or go to the gym? The soup contains neither onions nor garlic. Best Overall Tip for Conjunctions The SAT and ACT like to test parallel structure in sentences. When two or more things are linked by a conjunction, remember that they should have the same general structure. For more information on parallel structure and how it is tested, see this post. Examples Mike likes biking and to swim. INCORRECT Mike likes biking and swimming. CORRECT Mike likes to bike and to swim. CORRECT She searched outside and under the stairs. INCORRECT She searched outside the house and under the stairs. CORRECT What’s Next? You’ve refreshed the basics of grammar, so now it’s time to dive into the harder concepts: See this guide for all the other grammar rules tested on the ACTand on the SAT. Want to know what you are up against? Here is exactly what you will find on the Writing SAT and on ACT English. Want some pointers as you study? Check out 8 key strategies for doing well on SAT Writing, and 5 critical concepts you need to master for ACT English. Aiming high? Read our famous guides for a perfect 800 on SAT Writing and a 36 on ACT English. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

3 Ways to Double Up When Converting Passive Constructions to Active Ones

3 Ways to Double Up When Converting Passive Constructions to Active Ones 3 Ways to Double Up When Converting Passive Constructions to Active Ones 3 Ways to Double Up When Converting Passive Constructions to Active Ones By Mark Nichol Revising sentences so that they’re more active isn’t mandatory, but strive to make most of your passively constructed sentences more dynamic- and while you’re at it, don’t overlook opportunities to give a sentence more than one burst of energy. 1. Now that you have the business activities and conflicting activities defined, the associated privileges can be assigned to those activities. This sentence is easily rendered more active by repurposing the adjective defined as a verb and fortifying the bland verb have with it: â€Å"Now that you have defined the business activities and conflicting activities, the associated privileges can be assigned to those activities.† Even better, make the sentence imperative and therefore more forceful by beginning the main clause with the verb rather than the noun phrase: â€Å"Now that you have defined the business activities and conflicting activities, assign the associated privileges to those activities.† 2. There will still need to be thought given to understanding how conflicts of interest are identified and managed. Avoid beginning a sentence with a vague expletive; start with a noun: â€Å"Thought will still need to be given to understanding how conflicts of interest are identified and managed.† Better yet, enable the more active basic form of the verb give by employing the key noun at the outset: â€Å"Management will still need to give thought to understanding how conflicts of interest are identified and managed,† and explicitly stating that management itself identifies and manages conflicts of interests, rather than implying some vague actor, will strengthen the sentence even more: â€Å"Management will still need to give thought to understanding how it identifies and manages conflicts of interest.† 3. These have been in place for about ten years, with compliance actively monitored through annual assessments undertaken by a qualified assessor. Using with is a weak way to start a sentence or a clause. Easily strengthen a statement by converting a dependent clause into an independent clause; simply change with to and and insert a form of the verb â€Å"to be†: â€Å"These have been in place for about ten years, and compliance is actively monitored through annual assessments undertaken by a qualified assessor.† Better yet, in addition to employing the first half of this easy fix, fortify the second clause by making the actor, rather than the action, the subject: â€Å"These have been in place for about ten years, and a qualified assessor actively monitors compliance through annual assessments.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneySelect vs. Selected8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

First Battle of Bull Run

First Battle of Bull Run The Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the American Civil War, and it occurred, in the summer of 1861, when many people believed the war would probably only consist of one big decisive battle. The battle, which was fought in the heat of a July day in Virginia, had been carefully planned by generals on both the Union and Confederate sides. And when inexperienced troops were called upon to execute the fairly complicated battle plans, the day turned chaotic. While it looked for a time like the Confederates would lose the battle, a fierce counterattack against the Union Army resulted in a rout. By the end of the day thousands of demoralized Union troops were streaming back to Washington, D.C., and the battle was generally seen as a disaster for the Union. And the failure of the Union Army to secure a quick and decisive victory made it clear to Americans on both sides of the conflict that the Civil War would not be the short and simple affair many assumed it would be. Events Leading to the Battle After the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteer troops to come from the states which hadn’t seceded from the Union. The volunteer soldiers enlisted for a term of three months. Troops began arriving in Washington, D.C. in May 1861, and set up defenses around the city. And in late May portions of northern Virginia (which had seceded from the Union after the attack on Fort Sumter) were invaded by the Union Army. The Confederacy set up its capital in Richmond, Virginia, about 100 miles from the federal capital city, Washington, D.C. And with northern newspapers trumpeting  the slogan  Ã¢â‚¬Å"On to Richmond,† it seemed inevitable that  a  clash would occur somewhere between Richmond and Washington in that first summer of war. Confederates Massed In Virginia A Confederate army began massing in the vicinity of Manassas, Virginia, a railroad junction situated between Richmond and Washington. And it became increasingly obvious that the Union Army would be marching south to engage the Confederates. The timing of precisely  when the battle would be fought became a complicated issue. General Irvin McDowell had become the leader of the Union Army, as General Winfield Scott, who had commanded the army, was too old and infirm to command during wartime. And McDowell, a West Point graduate and career soldier who had served in the Mexican War, wanted to wait before committing his inexperienced troops to battle. President Lincoln saw things differently. He was well aware that the enlistments for the volunteers was only for three months, which meant most of them could be going home before they ever saw the enemy. Lincoln pressed McDowell to attack. McDowell organized his 35,000 troops, the largest army ever assembled in North America to that time. And in mid-July he began moving toward Manassas, where 21,000 Confederates had assembled. The March to Manassas The Union Army began moving south on July 16, 1861. Progress was slow in the July heat, and the lack of discipline of many of the new troops didn’t help matters. It took days to reach the area of Manassas, about 25 miles from Washington. It became clear that the anticipated battle would take place on Sunday, July 21, 1861. Stories would often be told about how spectators from Washington, riding in carriages and bringing along picnic baskets, had raced down to the area so they could watch the battle as if it was a sporting event. The Battle of Bull Run General McDowell conceived a fairly elaborate plan to attack the Confederate army commanded by his former West Point classmate, General P.G.T. Beauregard. For his part, Beauregard also had a complex plan. In the end, the plans of both generals fell apart, and actions by individual commanders and small units of soldiers determined the outcome. In the early phase of the battle the Union Army seemed to be beating the disorganized Confederates, but the rebel army managed to rally. General Thomas J. Jackson’s brigade of Virginians helped turn the tide of the battle, and Jackson that day received the everlasting nickname â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson. Counterattacks by Confederates were helped by fresh troops who arrived by railroad, something entirely new in warfare. And by late afternoon the Union Army was in retreat. The road back to Washington became a scene of panic, as the frightened civilians who had come out to watch the battle tried to race homeward alongside thousands of demoralized Union troops. Significance of the Battle of Bull Run Perhaps the most important lesson from the Battle of Bull Run was that it helped erase the popular notion that the rebellion of the slave states would be a short affair settled with one decisive blow. As an engagement between two untested and inexperienced armies, the battle itself was marked by countless mistakes. Yet two sides demonstrated that they could put large armies in the field and could fight. The Union side sustained casualties of about 3,000 killed and wounded, and Confederate losses were about 2,000 killed and wounded. Considering the size of the armies that day, the casualties were not heavy. And casualties of later battles, such as Shiloh and Antietam the following year, would be far heavier. And while the Battle of Bull Run didn’t really change anything in a tangible sense, as the two armies essentially wound up in the same positions as where they had started, it was a powerful blow to the pride of the Union. Northern newspapers, which had bellowed for a march into Virginia, actively looked for scapegoats. In the South, the Battle of Bull Run was considered a great boost to morale. And, as the disorganized Union Army had left behind a number of cannon, rifles, and other supplies, just the acquisition of material was helpful to the Confederate cause. In an odd twist of history and geography, the two armies would meet about a year later in essentially the same place, and there would be a Second Battle of Bull Run, otherwise known as the Battle of Second Manassas. And the outcome would be the same, the Union Army would be defeated.

Hardware and Software Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hardware and Software Selection - Essay Example This meant making sure there were no errors. First there was a trial balance. It was a way of ensuring the values at the end of the period were equal. This was called debits equal credits. The next step was to proceed with what saw called closing of the books. This process made it possible to create two main documents. First was the income statement the income statement told if the business made money or lost money was referred to as the processing cycle. Computer Technology Next came the impact of computer information systems. It became necessary to introduce a new concept. The new concept is called modules. The computer made it possible to avoid errors in the transfer process between cycles. Today, many systems move the information immediately and automatically from recording to impact on the reporting result. The computer system is made up of five parts (O’Leary T.J. and L.L 2006).(1)People (2)procedures (3)Software (4)hardware (5)data. It is now possible for people to work in different segments of the accounting documentation because of the functional modules introduced. Some modules can be invoicing, accounts receivable accounts payable payroll general ledger. The type of business determines the level of complexity. The emphasis here will have to be on people. We must consider who will be operating it and who will be using the output information. Next we turn to the software.

Criminal Procedure-Probable Cause Article Summar Essay

Criminal Procedure-Probable Cause Article Summar - Essay Example According to the US constitution, provisions for probable cause allow persons the right to secure their persons and property against unprovoked searches and seizures. However, there are some instances where searches and arrests can be done without warrants. This paper will examine an article from the Seattle Times in 2008, which speaks to the essence of search warrants specifically with regard to traffic stops. The article documents the incident of a traffic stop in Skagit County in 2006. According to the article, following a unanimous ruling, the court held that the smell of pot is not sufficient probable cause to necessitate the arrest and search of all vehicle occupants (Jones, 2008). This article identifies warrant requirements, and the ruling sets the foundation for what may be in the offing regarding probable cause and criminal procedure. Typically probable cause regarding vehicles and occupants should be affirmed by either a search warrant or warrant of arrest. However, in the case, in question, the officer conducted a warrantless search of the vehicle and its occupants in the basis of sheer smell of marijuana emitted from the vehicle. Essentially, the sheer smell of illegal drugs may not be sufficient to support probable cause as the smell of illegal drugs may linger in a vehicle for several days or even weeks. The officer investigating such incident may be forced to result to additional legal outlets that allow for further investigation of the smell. The officer in question should, therefore, have called for a search and arrest warrant on the basis of just cause, i.e. the smell as illicit drugs in the vehicle. This would have given the officer leeway to search, and detain all vehicle occupants and the latter would have been convicted much easier and without the court’s current decision. This is of paramount importance as the case’s police spokesman asserted

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Law - Essay Example The intention of the law makers is to establish a corporate fiction which is regarded as a legal juristic person with a separate legal entity, which is distinctive from the shareholders who own it and which gives the primary benefit of limited liability to shareholders. The main aim behind is that to encourage the shareholders to offer capital and to assume more risk on investments. By designing this, not only the costs are externalised but also the risk is mitigated to third parties. Due to this limited liability criterion, investor confidence is encouraged which in turn will kindle the economic development. Thus, limited liability can be seen as the foundation of the capitalism. Further, as moral hazard comes into operation, the benefits may not be equal to the externalisation costs thereby creating economic losses to third parties. So as to promote justice and fairness, the court may disregard the assumption of limited liability infrequently and thus court will inflict personal li abilities on the shareholders for the losses suffered by third parties in dealing with the company. This doctrine is called as lifting of corporate veil and this research essay will analyse how the courts are lifting the corporate veil when fairness and justice require it. Thus, the lifting of the corporate veil is a highly litigated issue in the corporate law sector1. Lifting of Corporate Veil under Fairness and Justice Grounds Under English Companies Act, the company is a distinct legal person wholly divergent from its members, and the company is entrusted to enjoy the privileges and owe some duties, which are distinct from that of rights or duties enjoyed by its shareholders. This notion has been regarded as a veil, a curtain or a shield between the members and the company. As an iron curtain, the shield is regarded as an impassable curtain. This has been well established in the case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd2. In this case, â€Å"it was held by the House of Lords that the comp any had been incorporated appropriately, and it was a legal person before the law and was different from those who established it†. As there was no fraud was committed by Solomon, the House of Lords were of the opinion that the secured debentures issued to Solomon would have priority over the unsecured creditors in the case of winding up proceedings of the company. Though 100% shares were held by Solomon and his family members, the court observed that company is distinct from its shareholders3. The creditors witness an inherent peril in dealing with a company since liability of shareholders is limited. When the risks are improperly or excessively transferred to creditors by the shareholders, then the liability shield is not justified. Under this scenario, courts have the capacity to disregard the separate corporate identity. The courts balance two competing features namely offering economic and democratic justification for the limited liability characteristic so as to promote the growth of the economy and the corporations and hence, the courts will be always hesitant to lift the corporate veil. However, the society and the creditors should be safeguarded as well from any peril unleashed by the companies and the shareholders. This fairness argument compels the courts to lift the corpo

Feeding of Swine Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feeding of Swine - Lab Report Example According to this study, research has also shown that after three weeks of feeding weight gain has reached its optimum but the carcass quality continues to improve with longer feeding. However, a problem has been observed since there is a decrease in the return in the dose and feeding duration. This research found out that the greatest weight gain was in the first week and declined beyond three weeks and no gain thereafter. It was also found out that feed intake increased in the first two weeks and decreased in the following weeks. Moreover, there was a "percent yield increased logarithmically over a 4-week feeding period for both 4.5 and 9 g/ton. Finally, 9 g/ton feeding gave greater yield than 4.5g/ton dose and optimal feeding was three to four weeks before market. In addition, the study "Pig Performance by Using Paylean" by Larry K. McMullen and Arlin Karsten affirms that feeding of ractopamine "at the 9 grams/ton level in the finishing diet for 28 days increased the production parameters of grow-finish pigs and resulted in a greater economical advantage over the pigs fed a traditional finishing diet." This research is anchored on these two studies, however it has modifications as to the comparison and contrast of the swine production based on the different feeding components such as: with Paylean, high and low protein gilts or young female pigs and barrows or castrated male pigs. For each of the s For each of the study group, four pigs are used. The first group is composed of gilts fed with Paylean. These Paylean Gilts consumed 1132.2 lbs. feed during the whole duration of the study and showed increase in weight of 101.7, 127.61, 112, and 95.01 lbs. or an average of 109.08 lbs. It has also manifested an ADG (average daily gain) of 2.09475 lbs. The second group is fed Low Protein feed. The Low Protein Gilts consumed 1078.8 lbs. feed or 32 bags and showed an increase in weight of 60.6, 80.61, 76, and 55 lbs. or an average of 68.0525 lbs. It has also an ADG of 1.305 lbs. The third group is fed with High Protein diet. For the High Protein Gilts that consumed 1089.20 lbs. feed, the weight increase are 89.8, 85.5, 65.6, and 68.5 or an average of 77.35 lbs. It has also an ADG of 1.4775 lbs. The other set of pigs under study are the barrows . For the Paylean Barrows at 23.5 lbs. feed and 24 bags, there is a weight increase of 106.2, 93.2, 100.4, and 96.4 or an average of 99.05 lbs. It has also an ADG of 1.9025 lbs. The next group of barrows is fed with Low Protein diet. The Low Protein Barrows consumed 1570.8 lbs. feed over 52 days and showed an increase in weight of 77.6, 69.6, 83.4, and 89.4 lbs. or an average of 80 lbs. It has also an ADG of 1.5325 lbs. The last group of barrows is fed with High Protein feed. For the High Protein Gilts that consumed 1220.9 lbs. feed or 25 bags, the weight increase are 68.8, 85, 85.8, and 78 or an average of 79.4 lbs. It has also an ADG of 1.525 lbs. The above data imply that both Gilts and Barrows fed with Paylean yield the highest weight gain. In addition, in the Low Protein, Barrows have a slightly higher yield than High Protein feed at 0.0075 difference and for the Gilts High Protein feed is higher than Low Protein feed at 0.1725 lbs. difference. In other words, Paylean still gives a higher weight gain compared to High Protein and Low Protein feed in both Gilts and Barrows. For the High and Low Protein feed on both the Gilts and Barrows, it shows very slight difference which may indicate that the dosage of protein

Database implementation and querying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database implementation and querying - Essay Example SQL> create table a1_language ( language varchar2(15) constraint language primar y key); Table created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Romanian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('English'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('French'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('German'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Afrikaans'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Spanish'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Catalan'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Portuguese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Italian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Turkish'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Lithuanian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Russian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Japanese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Slovenian'); 1 r ow created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Norwegian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Chinese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Serbian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Slovak'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Czech'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Polish'); 1 row created. ... l ( issn varchar2(9) constraint issn primary key, tit le varchar2(100), url varchar2(110), publisher_id number(3), keyword varchar2(18 0), start_year number(4), end_year number(4) ); Table created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Ora dea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114, 'financial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); i nsert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics',' http://versita.metapress.com/content/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engineering ',2007,NULL); insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Oradea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114,'fina ncial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); insert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics','http: //versita.metapress.com/conte nt/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engineering',200 7,NULL) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00911: invalid character SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Ora dea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114, 'financial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genet ics','http://versita.metapress.com/content/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engin eering',2007,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('0259-9422','Hervormde Teologiese Studies',' http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php',115,' theological disciplines, bible study' ,2008,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo - Essay Example Finding Nemo is one of the most successful animation film blockbusters. It was released in 2003 worldwide and took the entire world by surprise. Its stunning animation, the astounding undersea sceneries, Marlin Clownfish, Nemo (Marlin's son with one fin shorter than other), Dory the Regal Tang with short-term memory loss and all other characters won the heart of every animation film lover of all ages. The film presents a fully realized underwater world with bright & attractive colors and very natural dynamics - fish/tortoise movements, hydraulics, underwater illumination effects, rigid body dynamics (like the boat movement), underwater explosions, etc. The story structure is excellent with seamless connectivity among all scenes. The film is produced by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures, written by Andrew Stanton, and directed by Lee Unkrich & Andrew Stanton. The film grossed about $864.62 million worldwide in 2003 which is one of the largest revenue any animation film ev er made. Pixar Animation Studios have many such successful 3D animation films at their credit. The primary process that they follow comprises of fourteen steps:- Story Idea is Pitched, Text Treatment is carried out, Storyboards are drawn (sketches), Voice recording is carried out, the virtual reels are created on the software, the artists create the look & feel, 3D Modeling is carried out, the sets are created (using computer graphics), the shots are laid, animations & behavioral aspects are added, the sets & characters are superimposed with appropriate shading, lighting of the scenes is carried out, the final computer data is rendered and finally, the finishing touches are carried out.. They were discussing their eggs when a barracuda attacked and killed Coral and ate all the eggs except one. The only egg that survived got partially damaged as a result of the attack and Marlin promises that he will never leave it - and named it as Nemo as per the wish of his wife before death. The following scene is the introduction of the film - by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures.  

Database implementation and querying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database implementation and querying - Essay Example SQL> create table a1_language ( language varchar2(15) constraint language primar y key); Table created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Romanian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('English'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('French'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('German'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Afrikaans'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Spanish'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Catalan'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Portuguese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Italian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Turkish'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Lithuanian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Russian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Japanese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Slovenian'); 1 r ow created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Norwegian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Chinese'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Serbian'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Slovak'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Czech'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_language values ('Polish'); 1 row created. ... l ( issn varchar2(9) constraint issn primary key, tit le varchar2(100), url varchar2(110), publisher_id number(3), keyword varchar2(18 0), start_year number(4), end_year number(4) ); Table created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Ora dea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114, 'financial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); i nsert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics',' http://versita.metapress.com/content/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engineering ',2007,NULL); insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Oradea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114,'fina ncial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); insert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics','http: //versita.metapress.com/conte nt/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engineering',200 7,NULL) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00911: invalid character SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1222-569X','Annals of the University of Ora dea : Economic Science','http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/en_index.html',114, 'financial accounting, banking, management, marketing, statistics',2005,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('1311-0160','Balkan Journal of Medical Genet ics','http://versita.metapress.com/content/120841/',118,'genetics, genetic engin eering',2007,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values ('0259-9422','Hervormde Teologiese Studies',' http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php',115,' theological disciplines, bible study' ,2008,NULL); 1 row created. SQL> insert into a1_journal values

The Effects of the English Language and Culture in Translating A Essay

The Effects of the English Language and Culture in Translating A Non-English Text into Film - Essay Example When a film is to be made in English that was previously in another language and in text format, there are a great number of considerations on how the language and the visual elements can be translated. Meaning in one language must be carefully translated so that not only the verbal language, but the visual language makes sense. Film is unique in that the cultural meanings that are implied through one language must be translated as well as the literature of the original language. Due in large part to colonialism and then to the Westernization of consumerism, the English language has become a part of most languages, English-isms emerging throughout the cultures as they become part of the globalized world. Homogenization creeps into cultures that had previously been very ‘other’ through interactions with the dominance of the English language in business, media, and in presence in the world as English speaking travelers have a dominant position in world travel. Creating Eng lish versions of pieces of work that are written in another language often means that the work itself becomes transformed by the differences between cultures. In dominance, sometimes, comes the arrogance of transformation rather than merely translation. Transforming a literary work takes the meaning from it that was specific to a culture and re-creating it to have meaning for another culture that may no longer hold the same key symbols or meanings that it did in its original form. In translating a piece of fiction into a second language visual experience there are a great many aspects of the work that must be taken into consideration. Coding the translated work so that it reflects both the audience and the language of origin is a difficult achievement. The nature of coding in a language supports cultural meanings of symbols, but in translations that are both visual and verbal that are trying to capture meaning from one cultural language into another the task can be daunting. In the example of the result of colonialism is the key to how to undertake a project that involves translation. Where in colonialism entire cultures were translated into new cultural patterns through the coercive influence of the colonizer, so to can a text be butchered by misunderstanding the meanings that are cultural relevant and stand apart from the Western mind and the English construction of a text to prepare it for film. In translating a text into a script and direction for a film, the numbers of factors that are relevant to the translation are deep and meaningful in relationship to culture and symbols. Translation includes more than just replacing words, but replacing the emotional and cultural context through which the work was expressing meaning. Language Coding In trying to determine the best approach to translating a text from its original language into a film, the cultural coding that exists within the language must be evaluated. The first thing that must be determined in tran slating a text in one language to that of another is if the film will be intended for a mixed language population. In other words, if the film is made for a location in which two languages are prevalent and the work is being translated from one language to the other, the coding will be different than if a text is from a geographically different culture than to the culture that the film will be intended as an audience. If a Chinese book is translated for an English audience it is very

The Chinese Communist Party Essay Example for Free

The Chinese Communist Party Essay The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has remained in power for the past 60 years, suggesting its effectiveness in retaining its legitimacy to rule. However, new socio-economic conditions brought about by rapid modernization have caused a need to consider other criteria in obtaining a holistic view of CCP’s effectiveness. CCP’s effectiveness in governing China ultimately resides in whether it can continue to legitimize its rule and keep its people satisfied. In face of economic modernization , four sets of considerations has to be made when evaluating these aspects four sets of considerations has to be made when evaluating these aspects; we must examine Chinas economic growth, equality, which is a part of the CCP’s goal to build a harmonious society, China’s international status and the environment. For now, CCP seems to be largely effective in governing China. China’s high GDP growth has managed to keep satisfaction levels high, seen by the sharp decline in the number of uprisings in recent years. Major events like the 2008 Olympics have also caused the people to think of CCP as highly capable, sustaining its legitimacy. Despite this, the sustainability of CCP’s effectiveness in ruling China in the long term remains highly questionable since fundamental problems still exist in the four considerations, which can significantly sabotage CCP’s current efforts attaining its goals and maintaining its legitimacy. There is hence a need for CCP to address these currently neglected problems to sustain its effective rule. 1) ECONOMIC GROWTH T.S: CCP has been effective in governing China by leading China to attain high economic growth thus strengthening its eudemonic legitimacy. Elaboration: * China has managed to attain average growth of 9% over the past 15 years, pulling millions out of poverty. China’s fast recovery during the 2008 financial crisis also caused many Chinese to be confident in CCP’s capabilities. People are therefore happy with their improved lives and trust that CCP is the best way for China to maintain growth * In poll conducted after financial crisis, 72% opted to keep CCP in power as opposed to promoting democracy and they cited high economic growth as the reason. * CCP therefore effective in governing China in the aspect of economic growth Counter: Despite high eudemonic legitimacy, it is unsustainable since problems caused by economic growth still remain unsolved. Elaboration: * People are unhappy: Wide disparity has caused much dissatisfaction among those left behind by people economic modernization. Many minorities like Tibetans for example continue having separatist tendencies and bear grudges towards Han because of income gap. * Current leaders basing legitimacy on ideology of promoting Harmonious Society. Little progressed has been made in reducing income gap CCP not able to fulfill their promise weaken legitimacy and also not able to appease dissatisfaction. * Legitimacy too reliant on maintaining high growth unsustainable. * China’s economic growth too export driven but as its manufacturing advantage gets eroded by growing labour costs, there is growing need for its economic model to transit to one that is driven by domestic consumption. Domestic consumption now still remains very low which can threaten sustainability of China’s economic growth weakening legitimacy if problem Is not solved. Conclusion for economic consideration: While CCP is now effective in keeping its eudemonic legitimacy, persistent problems like the widening income gap has the potential to erode this current legitimacy and CCP must therefore be more effective in solving these problems and keep economic growth sustainable to ensure its effective rule in the long term.

Airport Security: Rights or Necessity Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Airport Security: Rights or Necessity Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan†(Roosevelt). Although the dates have been changed the theme is the same. September 11, 2001, the United States, was suddenly and deliberately attacked by Islamic terrorists who used American planes to attack three sites on American soil killing thousands of Americans. Sadly, these terrorists entered the airports, boarded planes, and attacked the crews with weapons that they hid in their luggage. At this point Americans, after recovering from the shock of the ataacks of the World Trade Center Towers, The Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, wondered how these men bent on the destruction of Americans and their property, were able to bring weapons through the security systems. Only then, after conducting extensive tests of the current airport security system, they were able to find hundreds of flaws in the system. Because of the attacks, many of the new security procedures were developed. Also because of the attack, the debate of airport security and human rights has developed. What extent does airport security need go so that it effectively screens all baggage and personal effects, yet does not violate the rights of the individual? Why is this issue so important? Talk to the business owners who lost billions of dollars in revenue and property or others who lost their jobs after the attacks due to the weakened economy. Ask the mothers of those who died in combat fighting against Al Queida and other terrorists. If that is not convincing enough, then ask the families of over 3000 people who perished in the... ...e504553.shtml" Burnett, Weldon. Personal interview. 7 Oct. 2002. Lyon, Ellen. â€Å"Airport Security.† The Patriot-News. 11 Sept. 2002. Roosevelt, Franklin D. â€Å"December 8,1941 Speech to Congress.† House of Representatives. Washington D.C. 8 Dec. 1941. Simon, Harvey. â€Å"Homeland Security and Defense.† Aviation Week. n.d. 5 June 2002. Sperry, Paul. â€Å"Know Your Rights at Airport Checkpoints.† Worldnetdaily. 9 January 2002, 15 Oct. 2002 www.worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25974 Todd, Dan. â€Å"Depressurization.† 4 Nov. 2002 www20.brinkster.com/salhq/airlines.html The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible: The NIV Version. Indianapolis, Indiana: B.B. Kirkbridge Bible CO., INC., 1990. â€Å"Women Travelers Complain of ‘Busy Hands’ Among Airport Guards.† Startribune. 25 November 2002, 15 Oct. 2002 www.startribune.com/stories/1631/850064.html

Chimpanzee Versus Humans: Similarities & Differences Essay -- essays r

Chimpanzee versus Humans: Similarities & Differences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the first days of human thought into their beginnings, chimpanzees have played a vital role in showing who we were. The chimpanzee, one of the great apes, makes it home in the forests of Central and West Africa. Their long arms and legs adapt them for living in such regions as lowland jungles and mountainous regions. Humans are classified in the order Primates, and family Hominade. Within this family, human beings, our nearest living relatives, the African apes, are also placed. Though in some classification standards, apes are placed in the family Pongidae.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The defining characteristic of Hominids is their ability to walk bipedally, using two feet and walking upright. This form of movement lead to many adaptations within the Hominids skeleton. There are notable changes in the spinal cord, pelvis bone and legs. The chimpanzee does have the ability to walk upright and does, but it spends most of the time walking on four limbs. It uses it’s arms as it’s front legs and walks on it’s knuckles. Our brain capacity is about twice as large as that of the chimp. Humans have a brain capacity of 1300 to 1500 cc, while the chimps are about 600 - 800 cc. It is though by scientists that our brain size grew over time as were evolved into making complex tools and we became increasingly sophisticated. The human skull is slightly different from that of our primate ancest...

Marketing Relationship in the Organisation Essay

Relationship marketing is a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaigns conducted in the 1970s and 1980s which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on point-of-sale transactions. Relationship marketing differs from other forms of marketing in that it recognizes the long term value to the firm of keeping customers, as opposed to direct marketing or â€Å"Intrusion† marketing, which focuses upon acquisition of new clients by targeting majority demographics based upon prospective client lists. Development of Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing refers to a long-term and mutually beneficial arrangement wherein both the buyer and seller focus on value enhancement with the goal of providing a more satisfying exchange. This approach attempts to transcend the simple purchase-exchange process with customer to make more meaningful and richer contact by providing a more holistic, personalized purchase, and use the consumption experience to create stronger ties. According to Liam Alvey, relationship marketing can be applied when there are competitive product alternatives for customers to choose from; and when there is an ongoing and periodic desire for the product or service. Fornell and Birger Wernerfelt used the term â€Å"defensive marketing† to describe attempts to reduce customer turnover and increase customer loyalty. This customer-retention approach was contrasted with â€Å"offensive marketing† which involved obtaining new customers and increasing customers’ purchase frequency. Defensive marketing focused on reducing or managing the dissatisfaction of your customers, while offensive marketing focused on â€Å"liberating† dissatisfied customers from your competition and generating new customers. There are two components to defensive marketing: increasing customer satisfaction and increasing switching barriers. Modern consumer marketing originated in the 1950s and 1960s as companies found it more profitable to sell relatively low-value products to masses of customers. Over the decades, attempts have been made to broaden the scope of marketing, relationship marketing being one of these attempts. Arguably, customer value has been greatly enriched by these contributions. The practice of relationship marketing has been facilitated by several generations of customer relationship management software that allow tracking and analyzing of each customer’s preferences, activities, tastes, likes, dislikes, and complaints. For example, an automobile manufacturer maintaining a database of when and how repeat customers buy their products, the options they choose, the way they finance the purchase etc., is in a powerful position to develop one-to-one marketing offers and product benefits. In web applications, the consumer shopping profile is built as the person shops on the website. This information is then used to compute what can be his or her likely preferences in other categories. These predicted offerings can then be shown to the customer through cross-sell, email recommendation and other channels. Relationship marketing has also migrated back into direct mail, allowing marketers to take advantage of the technological capabilities of digital, toner-based printing presses to produce unique, personalized pieces for each recipient. Marketers can personalize documents by any information contained in their databases, including name, address, demographics, purchase history, and dozens (or even hundreds) of other variables. The result is a printed piece that (ideally) reflects the individual needs and preferences of each recipient, increasing the relevance of the piece and increasing the response rate. Scope Relationship marketing has also been strongly influenced by reengineering. According to (process) reengineering theory, organizations should be structured according to complete tasks and processes rather than functions. That is, cross-functional teams should be responsible for a whole process, from beginning to end, rather than having the work go from one functional department to another. Traditional marketing is said to use the functional (or ‘silo’) department approach. The legacy of this can still be seen in the traditional four P’s of the marketing mix. Pricing, product management, promotion, and placement. According to Gordon (1999), the marketing mix approach is too limited to provide a usable framework for assessing and developing customer relationships in many industries and should be replaced by the relationship marketing alternative model where the focus is on customers, relationships and interaction over time, rather than markets and products. In contrast, relationship marketing is cross-functional marketing. It is organized around processes that involve all aspects of the organization. In fact, some commentators prefer to call relationship marketing â€Å"relationship management† in recognition of the fact that it involves much more than that which is normally included in marketing. Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne, and David Ballantyne at the Cranfield School of Management claim that relationship marketing has the potential to forge a new synthesis between quality management, customer service management, and marketing. They see marketing and customer service as inseparable. Relationship marketing involves the application of the marketing philosophy to all parts of the organization. Every employee is said to be a â€Å"part-time marketer†. The way Regis McKenna (1991) puts it: â€Å"Marketing is not a function; it is a way of doing business . . . marketing has to be all pervasive, part of everyone’s job description, from the receptionist to the board of directors. Approaches Satisfaction Relationship marketing relies upon the communication and acquisition of consumer requirements solely from existing customers in a mutually beneficial exchange usually involving permission for contact by the customer through an â€Å"opt-in† system. With particular relevance to customer satisfaction the relative price and quality of goods and services produced or sold through a company alongside customer service generally determine the amount of sales relative to that of competing companies. Although groups targeted through relationship marketing may be large, accuracy of communication and overall relevancy to the customer remains higher than that of direct marketing, but has less potential for generating new leads than direct marketing and is limited to Viral marketing for the acquisition of further customers. Retention A key principle of relationship marketing is the retention of customers through varying means and practices to ensure repeated trade from preexisting customers by satisfying requirements above those of competing companies through a mutually beneficial relationship. This technique is now used as a means of counterbalancing new customers and opportunities with current and existing customers as a means of maximizing profit and counteracting the â€Å"leaky bucket theory of business† in which new customers gained in older direct marketing oriented businesses were at the expense of or coincided with the loss of older customers. This process of â€Å"churning† is less economically viable than retaining all or the majority of customers using both direct and relationship management as lead generation via new customers requires more investment. Many companies in competing markets will redirect or allocate large amounts of resources or attention towards customer retention as in markets with increasing competition it may cost 5 times more to attract new customers than it would to retain current customers, as direct or â€Å"offensive† marketing requires much more extensive resources to cause defection from competitors. However, it is suggested that because of the extensive classic marketing theories center on means of attracting customers and creating transactions rather than maintaining them, the majority usage of direct marketing used in the past is now gradually being used more alongside relationship marketing as its importance becomes more recognizable. It is claimed by Reichheld and Sasser that a 5% improvement in customer retention can cause an increase in profitability of between 25 and 85 percent (in terms of net present value) depending on the industry. However Carrol, and Reichheld dispute these calculations, claiming they result from faulty cross-sectional analysis. According to Buchanan and Gilles, the increased profitability associated with customer retention efforts occurs because of several factors that occur once a relationship has been established with a customer. †¢ The cost of acquisition occurs only at the beginning of a relationship, so the longer the relationship, the lower the amortized cost. †¢ Account maintenance costs decline as a percentage of total costs (or as a percentage of revenue). †¢ Long-term customers tend to be less inclined to switch, and also tend to be less price sensitive. This can result in stable unit sales volume and increases in dollar-sales volume. †¢ Long-term customers may initiate free word of mouth promotions and referrals. †¢ Long-term customers are more likely to purchase ancillary products and high margin supplemental products. †¢ Customers that stay with you tend to be satisfied with the relationship and are less likely to switch to competitors, making it difficult for competitors to enter the market or gain market share. †¢ Regular customers tend to be less expensive to service because they are familiar with the process, require less â€Å"education†, and are consistent in their order placement. †¢ Increased customer retention and loyalty makes the employees’ jobs easier and more satisfying. In turn, happy employees feed back into better customer satisfaction in a virtuous circle. Relationship marketers speak of the â€Å"relationship ladder of customer loyalty†. It groups types of customers according to their level of loyalty. The ladder’s first rung consists of â€Å"prospects†, that is, people that have not purchased yet but are likely to in the future. This is followed by the successive rungs of â€Å"customer†, â€Å"client†, â€Å"supporter†, â€Å"advocate†, and â€Å"partner†. The relationship marketer’s objective is to â€Å"help† customers get as high up the ladder as possible. This usually involves providing more personalized service and providing service quality that exceeds expectations at each step. Customer retention efforts involve considerations such as the following: 1. Customer valuation – Gordon (1999) describes how to value customers and categorize them according to their financial and strategic value so that companies can decide where to invest for deeper relationships and which relationships need to be served differently or even terminated. 2. Customer retention measurement – Dawkins and Reichheld (1990) calculated a company’s â€Å"customer retention rate†. This is simply the percentage of customers at the beginning of the year that are still customers by the end of the year. In accordance with this statistic, an increase in retention rate from 80% to 90% is associated with a doubling of the average life of a customer relationship from 5 to 10 years. This ratio can be used to make comparisons between products, between market segments, and over time. 3. Determine reasons for defection – Look for the root causes, not mere symptoms. This involves probing for details when talking to former customers. Other techniques include the analysis of customers’ complaints and competitive benchmarking (see competitor analysis). 4. Develop and implement a corrective plan – This could involve actions to improve employee practices, using benchmarking to determine best corrective practices, visible endorsement of top management, adjustments to the company’s reward and recognition systems, and the use of â€Å"recovery teams† to eliminate the causes of defections. A technique to calculate the value to a firm of a sustained customer relationship has been developed. This calculation is typically called customer lifetime value. Retention strategies also build barriers to customer switching. This can be done by product bundling (combining several products or services into one â€Å"package† and offering them at a single price), cross selling (selling related products to current customers), cross promotions (giving discounts or other promotional incentives to purchasers of related products), loyalty programs (giving incentives for frequent purchases), increasing switching costs (adding termination costs, such as mortgage termination fees), and integrating computer systems of multiple organizations (primarily in industrial marketing). Many relationship marketers use a team-based approach. The rationale is that the more points of contact between the organization and customer, the stronger will be the bond, and the more secure the relationship. Application Relationship marketing and traditional (or transactional) marketing are not mutually exclusive and there is no need for a conflict between them. A relationship oriented marketer still has choices at the level of practice, according to the situation variables. Most firms blend the two approaches to match their portfolio of products and services. Virtually all products have a service component to them and this service component has been getting larger in recent decades. (See service economy and experience economy.) Internal marketing Relationship marketing also stresses what it calls internal marketing. This refers to using a marketing orientation within the organization itself. It is claimed that many of the relationship marketing attributes like collaboration, loyalty and trust determine what â€Å"internal customers† say and do. According to this theory, every employee, team, or department in the company is simultaneously a supplier and a customer of services and products. An employee obtains a service at a point in the value chain and then provides a service to another employee further along the value chain. If internal marketing is effective, every employee will both provide and receive exceptional service from and to other employees. It also helps employees understand the significance of their roles and how their roles relate to others’. If implemented well, it can also encourage every employee to see the process in terms of the customer’s perception of value added, and the organization’s strategic mission. Further it is claimed that an effective internal marketing program is a prerequisite for effective external marketing efforts. (George, W. 1990) The six markets model Adrian Payne (1991) from Cranfield University goes further. He identifies six markets which he claims are central to relationship marketing. They are: internal markets, supplier markets, recruitment markets, referral markets, influence markets, and customer markets. Referral marketing is developing and implementing a marketing plan to stimulate referrals. Although it may take months before you see the effect of referral marketing, this is often the most effective part of an overall marketing plan and the best use of resources. Marketing to suppliers is aimed at ensuring a long-term conflict-free relationship in which all parties understand each others’ needs and exceed each others’ expectations. Such a strategy can reduce costs and improve quality. Influence markets involve a wide range of sub-markets including: government regulators, standards bodies, lobbyists, stockholders, bankers, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department, but relationship marketers feel that marketing to all six markets is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. Each market may require its own explicit strategies and a separate marketing mixes for each.